# The Basics of Creating Rails Plugins¶ ↑

A Rails plugin is either an extension or a modification of the core framework. Plugins provide:

- A way for developers to share bleeding-edge ideas without hurting the stable code base.

- A segmented architecture so that units of code can be fixed or updated on their own release schedule.

- An outlet for the core developers so that they don't have to include every cool new feature under the sun.

After reading this guide, you will know:

- How to create a plugin from scratch.

- How to write and run tests for the plugin.

This guide describes how to build a test-driven plugin that will:

- Extend core Ruby classes like Hash and String.

- Add methods to `ActiveRecord::Base` in the tradition of the `acts_as` plugins.

- Give you information about where to put generators in your plugin.

For the purpose of this guide pretend for a moment that you are an avid bird watcher. Your favorite bird is the Yaffle, and you want to create a plugin that allows other developers to share in the Yaffle goodness.

## Setup¶ ↑

Currently, Rails plugins are built as gems, gemified plugins. They can be shared across different rails applications using RubyGems and Bundler if desired.

### Generate a gemified plugin.¶ ↑

Rails ships with a `rails plugin new` command which creates a skeleton for developing any kind of Rails extension with the ability to run integration tests using a dummy Rails application. Create your plugin with the command:

    $ rails plugin new yaffle

See usage and options by asking for help:

    $ rails plugin new --help

## Testing Your Newly Generated Plugin¶ ↑

You can navigate to the directory that contains the plugin, run the `bundle install` command and run the one generated test using the `rake` command.

You should see:

    1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

This will tell you that everything got generated properly and you are ready to start adding functionality.

## Extending Core Classes¶ ↑

This section will explain how to add a method to String that will be available anywhere in your rails application.

In this example you will add a method to String named `to_squawk`. To begin, create a new test file with a few assertions:

    # yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb

    require 'test_helper'

    class CoreExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
      def test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk
        assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", "Hello World".to_squawk
      end
    end

Run `rake` to run the test. This test should fail because we haven't implemented the `to_squawk` method:

    1) Error:
      CoreExtTest#test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk:
      NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for "Hello World":String
        /path/to/yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk'

Great - now you are ready to start development.

In `lib/yaffle.rb`, add `require 'yaffle/core_ext'`:

    # yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb

    require 'yaffle/core_ext'

    module Yaffle
    end

Finally, create the `core_ext.rb` file and add the `to_squawk` method:

    # yaffle/lib/yaffle/core_ext.rb

    String.class_eval do
      def to_squawk
        "squawk! #{self}".strip
      end
    end

To test that your method does what it says it does, run the unit tests with `rake` from your plugin directory.

    2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

To see this in action, change to the test/dummy directory, fire up a console and start squawking:

    $ bin/rails console
    >> "Hello World".to_squawk
    => "squawk! Hello World"

## Add an “acts_as” Method to Active Record¶ ↑

A common pattern in plugins is to add a method called `acts_as_something` to models. In this case, you want to write a method called `acts_as_yaffle` that adds a `squawk` method to your Active Record models.

To begin, set up your files so that you have:

    # yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb

    require 'test_helper'

    class ActsAsYaffleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
    end

    # yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb

    require 'yaffle/core_ext'
    require 'yaffle/acts_as_yaffle'

    module Yaffle
    end

    # yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb

    module Yaffle
      module ActsAsYaffle
        # your code will go here
      end
    end

### Add a Class Method¶ ↑

This plugin will expect that you've added a method to your model named `last_squawk`. However, the plugin users might have already defined a method on their model named `last_squawk` that they use for something else. This plugin will allow the name to be changed by adding a class method called `yaffle_text_field`.

To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you'd like:

    # yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb

    require 'test_helper'

    class ActsAsYaffleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase

      def test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk
        assert_equal "last_squawk", Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
      end

      def test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet
        assert_equal "last_tweet", Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
      end

    end

When you run `rake`, you should see the following:

    1) Error:
      ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
      NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Hickwall
        /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'

        2) Error:
      ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
      NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Wickwall
        /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'

      4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips

This tells us that we don't have the necessary models (Hickwall and Wickwall) that we are trying to test. We can easily generate these models in our “dummy” Rails application by running the following commands from the test/dummy directory:

    $ cd test/dummy
    $ bin/rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
    $ bin/rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string

Now you can create the necessary database tables in your testing database by navigating to your dummy app and migrating the database. First, run:

    $ cd test/dummy
    $ bin/rake db:migrate

While you are here, change the Hickwall and Wickwall models so that they know that they are supposed to act like yaffles.

    # test/dummy/app/models/hickwall.rb

    class Hickwall < ActiveRecord::Base
      acts_as_yaffle
    end

    # test/dummy/app/models/wickwall.rb

    class Wickwall < ActiveRecord::Base
      acts_as_yaffle yaffle_text_field: :last_tweet
    end

We will also add code to define the `acts_as_yaffle` method.

    # yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
    module Yaffle
      module ActsAsYaffle
        extend ActiveSupport::Concern

        included do
        end

        module ClassMethods
          def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
            # your code will go here
          end
        end
      end
    end

    ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle

You can then return to the root directory (`cd ../..`) of your plugin and rerun the tests using `rake`.

    1) Error:
      ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
      NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e3b218>
        activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing'
        /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'

        2) Error:
      ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
      NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e409c0>
        activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing'
        /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'

      4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips

Getting closer… Now we will implement the code of the `acts_as_yaffle` method to make the tests pass.

    # yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb

    module Yaffle
      module ActsAsYaffle
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern

        included do
        end

        module ClassMethods
          def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
            cattr_accessor :yaffle_text_field
            self.yaffle_text_field = (options[:yaffle_text_field] || :last_squawk).to_s
          end
        end
      end
    end

    ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle

When you run `rake`, you should see the tests all pass:

    4 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

### Add an Instance Method¶ ↑

This plugin will add a method named 'squawk' to any Active Record object that calls 'acts_as_yaffle'. The 'squawk' method will simply set the value of one of the fields in the database.

To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you'd like:

    # yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb
    require 'test_helper'

    class ActsAsYaffleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase

      def test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk
        assert_equal "last_squawk", Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
      end

      def test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet
        assert_equal "last_tweet", Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
      end

      def test_hickwalls_squawk_should_populate_last_squawk
        hickwall = Hickwall.new
        hickwall.squawk("Hello World")
        assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", hickwall.last_squawk
      end

      def test_wickwalls_squawk_should_populate_last_tweet
        wickwall = Wickwall.new
        wickwall.squawk("Hello World")
        assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", wickwall.last_tweet
      end
    end

Run the test to make sure the last two tests fail with an error that contains “NoMethodError: undefined method `squawk'”, then update 'acts_as_yaffle.rb' to look like this:

    # yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb

    module Yaffle
      module ActsAsYaffle
        extend ActiveSupport::Concern

        included do
        end

        module ClassMethods
          def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
            cattr_accessor :yaffle_text_field
            self.yaffle_text_field = (options[:yaffle_text_field] || :last_squawk).to_s

            include Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle::LocalInstanceMethods
          end
        end

        module LocalInstanceMethods
          def squawk(string)
            write_attribute(self.class.yaffle_text_field, string.to_squawk)
          end
        end
      end
    end

    ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle

Run `rake` one final time and you should see:

    6 runs, 6 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips

NOTE: The use of `write_attribute` to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also use:

    send("#{self.class.yaffle_text_field}=", string.to_squawk)

## Generators¶ ↑

Generators can be included in your gem simply by creating them in a lib/generators directory of your plugin. More information about the creation of generators can be found in the Generators Guide

## Publishing Your Gem¶ ↑

Gem plugins currently in development can easily be shared from any Git repository. To share the Yaffle gem with others, simply commit the code to a Git repository (like GitHub) and add a line to the Gemfile of the application in question:

    gem 'yaffle', git: 'git://github.com/yaffle_watcher/yaffle.git'

After running `bundle install`, your gem functionality will be available to the application.

When the gem is ready to be shared as a formal release, it can be published to RubyGems. For more information about publishing gems to RubyGems, see: Creating and Publishing Your First Ruby Gem.

## RDoc Documentation¶ ↑

Once your plugin is stable and you are ready to deploy, do everyone else a favor and document it! Luckily, writing documentation for your plugin is easy.

The first step is to update the README file with detailed information about how to use your plugin. A few key things to include are:

- Your name

- How to install

- How to add the functionality to the app (several examples of common use cases)

- Warnings, gotchas or tips that might help users and save them time

Once your README is solid, go through and add rdoc comments to all of the methods that developers will use. It's also customary to add '#:nodoc:' comments to those parts of the code that are not included in the public API.

Once your comments are good to go, navigate to your plugin directory and run:

    $ bin/rake rdoc

### References¶ ↑

- Developing a RubyGem using Bundler

- Using .gemspecs as Intended

- Gemspec Reference

- GemPlugins: A Brief Introduction to the Future of Rails Plugins